Fuel feeding system for gas turbine engines



F C. MOCK Sept. 21, 1954 FUEL EEEDING SYSTEM EoR GAS TUEBINE ENGINES 'Fi1edbec- 13, 194e 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 IIEI.

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F.C.MOCK

FUEL FEEDING SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES Filed Dec. 13, 1946 `5 Sheets-Sheet 2 l LNVENIUR 5PM/#621700K BY F. C. MOCK Sept. 2l, 1954 FUEL FEEDING SYSTEM EoR @As TURBINE ENGINES Filed Dec. 1s, 1946 4 -5 Sheets-Sheet 3 www SQ @Q Afro/wir F. C. MOCK sept. 21, 1954 FUEL FEEDING SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES Filed Deo. 13, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 5 sheets-sheet 5 F. C. MOCK Sept. 2l, 1954 FUEL FEEDING SYSTEM EOE GAS TURBINE ENGINES Filed Dec. 13, 194e Patented Sept. 21, 1.954

2,689,606 FUEL FEEDING SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES Frank C. Mock, South Bend, Ind., assign'or to Bendix Aviation Corporation, South Bend, Ind., a corporation of Delaware Application December 13, 1946, Serial No. 716,154

Claims; (Cl. 15S-36.4)

This application contains subject matter com- W mon to the prior copending applications of Frank C. Mock, Serial No. 557,812, filed October 9, 1944, now Patent No. 2,581,275, and Serial No. 596,620, filed May 30, 1945, now' Patent No. 2,581,276.

The invention disclosed herein relates to a fuel feed and power control device for gas turbines, jet propulsion machines or engines and like power plants utilizing the force or energy produced by the combustion and expansion of precompressed air; it is particularly adapted for jet propulsion power plants for aircraftwherein theair is compressed into a chamber constituting part of a generator, at which point it is heated by the combustion of fuel, and the air and products of combustion passed through a turbine for driving a compressor and then discharged through a reaction jet to propel the aircraft; and power plants for aircraft wherein a gas turbine drives the propeller of the aircraft and may in addition drive a compressor for supplying air to a combustion chamber or generator, and wherein also the exhaust from the turbine may be discharged through .a reaction jet to obtain a propulsion effort augmenting that of the propeller.

In a power plant of the type utilizing a centrifugal or axial flow compressor connected to and rotated in synchronism with a gas turbine driven by the energy of expanded gases produced in a combustion chamber or burner in which the air vis compressed, to have the maximum available power for acceleration, it is desirable to supply as much fuel as the burner will consume at any given condition without producing dangerously high temperatures in the burner system. For deceleration, a minimum constant fuel-air ratio should be maintained to avoid die-out or burner failure.

An extremely simple power control arrangement for gas turbines and jet propulsion engines may be provided by connecting a power control lever or quadrant to a metering needle or valve adapted to Vary the area of a metering orifice or variable feed restriction to which fuel is supplied under pressure, as by an engine driven fuel pump. With this arrangement, the pilot advances or retracts the control lever or quadrant to obtain a selected speed, whereupon the engine speeds up or slows down to a speed corresponding to the rate of fuel feed set by the lever or quadrant. Another relatively simple arrangement may be had by operatively connecting an engine driven governor with the metering. needle in a manner such that the governor functions to establish equilibrium at the CIK eration or deceleration set by the pilots control lever. While such systems have the advantage of simplicity, there is danger of producing such a hot flame during acceleration as will tend to burn out the burner tubes and damage the turbine blades, while during deceleration there is the liability of reducing the fuel-to-air ratio to a point where the burner will die out or fail.. When the area of the metering orifice is suddenly increased to obtain the desired speed, the engine lags and the fuel supplied to the burners is greatly in excess of that required for the quantity of air delivered to the burnersin proportion to engine speed, and as a consequence, an extremely hot flame is produced which not only tends to damage and shorten the life of the engine or power plant, but also constitutes a waste of fuel. Furthermore, as engine speed and hence compressor speed and the delivery of air to the burners increases, the burner flame must be properly regulated, else so-called burner blow-out may occur. On the other hand, when the area of the metering orifice is suddenly reduced and the rate of fuel fed correspondingly reduced, the engine temporarily maintains its speed due to momentum and the fuel/air ratio becomes so lean as to prohibit flame propagation, resulting in burner failure.

It is also desirable to provide some means for compensating for changes in entering air density irrespective of what type of power control system is adopted, since less fuel is required to drive a turbine and compressor at a given speed upon a decrease in density, and if the same rate of fuel feed is maintained, the proportion of' fuel to air Will become further unbalanced, aggravating the tendency to overheat the burner system.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel feed and power control system for power plants of the type specified wherein the rate oi fuel feed may be controlled simply by a lever or quadrant operatively connected to a metering needle or valve for varying the area of a fuel metering orifice without danger of overheating the burner system and/or causing burner or flame blow-out during acceleration, or burner failure during deceleration.

Another object is to provide an improved fuel feed and power control device for power plants of the type specified wherein the rate of fuel feed is maintained within predetermined upper and/or lower limits as a function of engine speed and the pressure and/or temperature of the air flowing to the engine during a transitional speed change following a change in the setting of the rate of fuel feed selected, or the pointof accelthrottle or power control lever.

A further object is to generally improve the Working mechanism in fuel feeding systems for power plants of the type disclosed in the copending patents of Frank C. Mock., heretofore noted.

lhe foregoing and other objects and advantages willn become". apparent in View 'of .the follow; ing description' taken in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:

Figure l is a substantially central longitudinal sectional view of a jet propulsion power plant or engine incorporating a fuel feed and power control system in accordance with the present in` vention;

Figure 2, a simplified schematic View in eleva'-v tion and partly in section of the fuel metering and power control unit indicated at 25 in Figure 1;

Figures 2A and 2B, enlarged sectional schematic views of the lower (regulator section) and upper (control or governor section) parts of Figure 2;

Figure 3, an enlarged plan or end View of the control lever mounting and coacting parts, the View being taken on the line 3 3, Figure 2;

Figure 3A, a view in side elevation of the control lever taken on the line 3A-3A, Figure 2;

Figure li, a curve chart illustrating the operation of the system;

Figure 5, a curve chart for comparison with that of Figure 4 illustrating the differences in operation between the herein disclosed system and those of the prior art wherein power is controlled (l) by a direct manual connection with a fuel valve without barometric correction and (2) by resetting a governor operatively connected to a fuel valve, also without barometric correction; and l Figure 6, an installation diagram.

Referring first to Figure 1, an aircraft engine nacelle is` indicated lat and has supported therein as by means of ring and brackets |2 a jet propulsion engine or power plant (sometimes termed jet machine) generally indicated at I3 and including an outer 'casing lll, contoured at its front extremity to define an air inlet |5 and at its rear extremity to define a `reaction tube i6. A dynamic 4compressor Il (shown as a centrifugal blower but which may be of the axial now type) forces air into an annular header I8 which directs it to a plurality of peripherally spaced cylinder-like generators or burner chambers I9 containing burners 20 having air inlet holes in the peripheral walls thereof. The burners 20 discharge into a collector ring 2| arranged to deliver the hot air and products of combustion through a set of stationary directing blades 22 against the, blades 23' of a turbine rotor 23. The turbine 23 and air compressor are mounted on a common shaft 2t rotatably supported by la bearing 24. Air entering the inlet |5 ispicked up by the compressor, which acts to direct the air into chamber i8 and generator chamber |9andl thence into the burners 2e through holes 20', where heatis added by the combustion of fuel. The expanded air and products lof combustion are directed against the blades 23,. of the turbineZSVtQdrii/e the compressor and larethen discharged to the atmosphere through the reaction tube I3 to effect propulsionof the plane. l desired, propulsion of the plane may alsobe accomplishedvby 'aspro'- peller driven off of a forward extension of shaft 2li, usually through suitable reduction gearing, not shown. A

The fuel metering and power control device,

or the housing therefor, is generally indicated at 25; for the purposes of illustration it is shown as installed in the annular chamber defined by the front extremity of the casing I4 in Figure 1 and which chamber is vented to atmospheric air or ram, pressure by means of openings 2t and 26. The device in the' main comprises a regulator section 21 and a control or governor section 28 (see Figure 2). Fuel is supplied under pressure to the regulator by way of a conduit 29, 29 having mounted therein suitable fuel pressurizing means such as an engine driven fuel pump Se; the conduit 29 discharging into control inlet chamber 3|; see Figure 2A' The pressure in chamber 3| is maintained at a predetermined value by means of a by-pass valve 32 which is preferably in the form of a hollow shell having inlet ports 33 at one end thereof, said valve being mounted to slide in a cag'e 34 removably secured in a housing 35 defining a chamberl 3% which is ported to a conduit 3'| leading back tothe low pressure side of the pump 30. Valve 32 is connected to a stem bolt 38 which in turnris remove ably connected to adiaphragm 39 having its peripheral edgeY portion clamped between a cap 40 and a boss 40' projecting from the adjacent portion of the housing2'5. Capli is formed with a chamber il inv which is mounted a spring 42 exerting apredeterrnined closing thrust on the by-pass valvev32. Chamber '4| is vented to the chamber 3| and to the fuel discharge side of the metering and control unit b y means of Aducts 43 and 43 having restrictions 44 land 45 Ytherein for regulating wflow through the balance pressure circuit provided by ducts, or passages Z13 and E3. The effective area` of the diaphragm is preferably substantiallyv the same asthat of the valve 32, and hence the fuel supply pressure in chamber 3| will be maintained at anconstant value above metered fuel or nozsledischarge pressure as determined by the strengthv of spring 2, or in other words, there willbeaconstant pressure drop across the regulator section 25| and governor control section 28. Preferably, the chamber 4| is vented to metered fuel pressure before the main fuel cut-ofi valve |30 (to be described) to prevent flooding ofthe engine during the cranking period preparatory to starting'. Restriction lid at the entrance to chamber 4| passes sufficient fuel to permita continuous flow through said chamber and thus eifect removal of any air or vapor bubbles that may collect therein, while restriction i5Y at the, exit from chamber 4| provides a damping action for the by-llss valve 32.

A maximum pressure relief valve iii is carried by and slidably mounted in the valve 32 and is adapted to seat in and normally close a port 4'! formed in the latter valve, the valve 32 being ported at 48 to the valve chamber lit. o A spring le determines the pressure at which valve 45 will unseat. This valve 46 'prevents buildeup of excessive pressures due to shutting olf the now of fuel to the burners while the engine is running, andoth'er'causes. y

The regulator 2-'| comprises a regulator valve 5| which is preferably in the form of a hollow cylinder having Aa plurality of metered discharge ports 52 lat one end thereof, said valve being slidingly mounted in 'a cage '53, ported at 54 to a chamber 55 formed in housing 56, said chamber 55 being open to the chamber 3| for inflow of fuel from the latter chamber.

A metering head diaphragm is indicated at it is clamped atits outer or peripheral edge between a casting 6| and an adjacent flange formed t n the main housing or casting 25, and at its central portion between plates 62` and 63 provided with hub portions 62Yand 63'. The hub 62 is constructed to releasably receive the disc shaped head of a hollow valvestem 64 having a flexible member such as a short length of cable projected therethrough and connected at its opposite ends, respectively, to the said stem 64 and the adjacent end of a stem bolt 64', the latter being connected to the valve 5|. .The cable provides a flexible connection between the valve 5| and diaphragm 60. The hub 63 of plate 63 is shaped to provide a cylindrical guide which is slidingly engaged in a bushing 65 inserted in a chamber 66 formed in the casting 6|. A spring 61 is mounted in the chamber 66 and at its inner end bears against and is centered by the hub 62' of the diaphragm plate B2, said spring constituting a minimum metering head regulator in a manner to be described.

The diaphragm 60 constitutes a movable or flexible wall between a chamber C (which may be termed a compensating fuel pressure chamber for reasons which will subsequently become apparent) and unmetered fuel chamber D.

Referring now to Figure 2B, a fuel feed or governor valve is indicated at 10; it is substantially like the valve 5|, being provided with a plurality of fuel ports 1| at one end thereof and slidingly mounted in a cage 12 ported to metered fuel chamber or conduit E at 13. The valve 10 is adjustably threaded on a stem member orrod 14 having a transverse bore mounting a spring pressed ball detent 15 adapted to engage in detent notches or recesses formed in a cylindrical flange 15 projecting axially from the valve. A bushing 16 is threaded into the housing 25 in axial alignment with the governor valve 10 and has adjustably threaded therein a minimum flow set screw 11 adapted to contact the adjacent end of the stem 14 and positively determine the closed position of Valve 10. A spring pressed ball detent 18 locates the screw 11. The chamber defined by the bushing 16 is closed and sealed by a cap screw 19. Access may be had to valve 10 for adjustment purposes by removing bushing 16. At its right hand end, the valve 10 is engaged by a thrust spring 80 which bears against a guide bushing 8| mounted on the stem 14, the bushing 8| having sliding movement on an enlarged portion of the stem 14. A cylindrical supporting and bearing member 82, having a mounting flange 82', is secured to the adjacent main housing by screws 83.

A sliding sleeve or bushing 84 is mounted on the member 82 and is flanged at 84 for engagement with one end of a governor spring 85, the opposite end of said spring engaging a bushing 86 carried by a member 81 which is connected to the valve stem 14 by means of a short length of flexible cable 8B. The member 81 has a freely rotatable bearing connection with the adjacent end of a rod 89 mounted to slide in a bearing sleeve or cylinder 90 supported for free rotation by a bracket 9| having a mounting flange 9 connected between an' adjacent flanged portion of the main housing 25 and a governor housing 92. The free end of rod 89 is adapted to be engaged by the lever portions 93' of a pair of engine driven governor weights 93, only one of the latter being visible in Figure 2B.

A sleeve 94, formed with flanged portions 95 and 96, is mounted to slide on the bearing sleeve 80; and this sleeve 94 has an operative connection with the regulator valve 5| by `means of a 6 fork or yoke 91 and bell crank lever 98, ,the latter being fulcrumed or pivotally anchored at 99 and at its lower end being adjustably connected to the stem 64 of the said valve 5|, see Figure 2A. The flange 96 of the sleeve 94 is adapted to be engaged by the lever portion |00 of each o-f a pair of engine driven speed metering weights |00 as the latter move outwardly due to centrifugal action, while the flange of said sleeve is adapted to engage the yoke or fork 91 and turn lever 98 counterclockwise about its pivot 99,

thereby producing a force proportional to theA square of engine speed tending to open regulator valve 5|.

In the schematic view of Figure 2B, one of the governor weights and one of the speed metering weights are shown arranged in what appears to be opposed relation or apart. In the control as actuallyv built, however, there is a pair of gov-` ernor Weights and a pair of speed metering weights pivotally mounted in opposed relation on a governor body or bracket |0| formed on the inner end of a stepped shaft |02 supported in a main bearing |03 and at its outer end splined to a stub shaft |02." provided with a drive spline |04 adapted to engage in the hub of a pinion or gear |05, see Figure 1, which is secured on an engine driven shaft |05.

To ensure against leakage of fuel around the y shaft |02, a seal assembly is provided and comprises an inner bushing |06 which encircles an annular packing groove formed in the shaft and is normally urged by the pressure of fuel plus the force of a spring |06 against the adjacent inner surface of a sealing and bearing ring |01. A retainer |08 is secured to the governor'housing 92 and has a flanged portion engaging the opposite side of the ring |01, a packing ring |09 being compressed between the ring |01 and adjacent wall of the retainer.

Access may be had to the regulator valve assembly through an opening in the main housing or casting 25 provided with a cap or cover ||0, see Figure 2A, carrying an adjustable stop which positively limits movement of the regulator valve 5| in a valve opening direction.

A pilots control lever ||5 (Figures 2B, 3 and 3A) is provided and is operatively connected tov the governor spring compressing sleeve 84V by means of a hollow link I6, a lever 1 secured on the one end of a shaft |8, and a yoke I9 secured on the opposite or lower end of said shaft and having fingers |9 engaging the flange 84 of sleeve 84. Shaft i8 is mounted for rotation in a pedestal bearing H8. To provide a convenient idle speed adjustment, the lever ||1 carries a pivot pin |20 which engages in an elongated slot formed in the hollow link H6, and an idle screw |2| is threaded into the outer end of the link ||6 and is releasably held in its adjusted position by a spring detent |22, the inner end of said screw abutting the pin |28 and urging it and consequently the lever |1 counterlockwise against the thrust of a spring pressed sliding pin |22. By adjusting idle screw |2|, a predetermined idle spring force is applied to the governor spring 85 through lever ||1, shaft ||8 and yoke ||9. Maximum speed adjustment is had by means of an adjustable eccentric |23 adapted to be engaged by a linger |24 secured on the shaft H8. The pilots control lever i5 carries at one end thereof a pair of spring pressed detents |25 and |26 (Figure 3A) adapted to engage in recesses |25 and |25' (Figure 3) respectively, when the said lever ||5 is moved to idle position and tominirnum or burner 9 to cut-off position, that is, it should be turned clockwise until the valve |30 seats at |34, Flgure 2B. This is back of the point where the detent |26 engages in the detent recess` |26'. The fuel line |33 may then be disconnected from the manifold ring |60 and directed into a container. The boost pump should then be turned on and the valve |30 opened until about a gallon of fuel is dischargedL in to the container. The control unit itself is provided with suitable vents which may be opened to ensure removal of air during the bleeding process.

Starting may be accomplished either through the auxiliary system, or through the main system by means of the power control unit.

An example of starting on the auxiliary system is as follows: Lever I I5 is turned to cut-off position, the cockpit fuel shut-off valve opened, and the auxiliary control valve |13 closed to prevent the boost pump from prematurely filling the fuel manifold ring |40. The boost pump is then turned on and the starter motor eng-aged with the engine until the latter is turning at approximately 1000 R. P. M., whereupon the auxiliary pump |1I is turned on. The starting motor may be kept engaged after firing until the engine reaches a of approximately 2000 R. P. M. When the burners ignite, the auxiliary valve |13 is turned to approximately one-fourth power position, or opened sufficiently to cause the tail pipe temperature to immediately fall below 800 C. When the temperature reaches approximately 800 C., the .power setting of the auxiliary valve |13 is gradually increased `by closing the latter until the speed of the engine is in the neighborhood of 5000 R. P. M.; whereupon the main power lever I5 is moved to idle position, the auxiliary throttle or control valve |13 opened and the auxiliary fuel pump |1| turned off.` There- 'ifger the engine may be controlled by the lever An example of starting by means of the control unit 25 is as follows: The auxiliary valve |13 is closed to prevent fuel flow through the auxiliary fuel system (the pump I1I at this time being out of operation), the lever |I5 turned to cut-olf position, the boost pump turned on, the starter switch engaged and the lever ||5` turned to idle position for approximately two seconds and then turned back to cut-off until the starter is turning the engine at about 1000 R.. P. whereupon `the lever ||5 is again turned to idle until the burners ignite, then turned back to the locked poppet or governor valve detent position between idle and cut-off and held there until the tail pipe or burner temperature falls below some predeterminedsafe value, for example, 300o C. (The starter may be kept engaged after firing until the engine attains a speed of approximately 2000 R. P. M.) Ihe lever |I5 is then advanced to the idle speed setting (which at ground level may be approximately 4000 P.. P. M. maximum) at a rate gradual enough to maintain safe operating temperatures in the burner system until the en ineis warmed up.

In the position of the power controllever in Figures 2B and 3, the said lever is in a medium power position, the governor spring being only partly compressed and being balanced by the governor weights 93 acting through the rod 80 to maintain the governor valve in equilibrium for the particular setting of the lever I I5. If the lever II5 is turned clockwise from the position shown to a point where the detent plunger engagesin the notch |25', the yolce H Sand the fingers I9 carried thereby will swing to the left and further relieve the tension on the governor spring 85 until the governor weights 93 balance the governor valve 10 at the idle speed setting. If the lever I 5 is turned further in a clockwise direction to a point where the detent plunger |26 engages in the notch |26', the fingers I 21 carried by the yoke lingers ||9 engage the sliding bushing 8| and compress the spring 80, thereby holding the governor valve open suinciently to pass a predetermined amount of fuel for starting purposes. At this time the cut-off valve |30 is still open. This so-called looked poppet or governor valve detent position gives the pilot a sense of feel as to the proper posi-A tion of the lever ||5 during the starting period so that there will not be an excessive fuel buildup in the system which when the throttle lever ||5 is advanced to increase the engine speed would result in high burner temperatures due to a sudden oversupply of fuel to the burners.

Above idle speed, the throttle can be advanced at any desired rate, since the control unit will maintain safe operating temperatures at all times.

When the governor valve is in locked poppet position, the engine driven governor weights have no controlling action thereon.

The closed cut-off position of the lever ||5 is sensed by the pilot when he begins to compress the override spring |39 in the link IIlB. When the lever ||5 is turned to cut-off position, thespring 80 is compressed to a point where the governor valve maybe against stop 11, whereupon the cut-oil" valve |30 seats at 34, and flow of fuel through the burners is completely stopped. The cut-off position is generally used only when the engine is shut down.`

The resilient idle speed setting as determined by adjustment of the idle screw |2| permits the pilot to release his quadrant when idling if he so desires, assuming the friction resistance of the quadrant is less than the force of governor spring 85. The i-dle setting should, of course, be above that determined by the stop11.

In tracing the'flow of fuel through the control unit it may be assumed that the system is empty at ground. level, in which event the differential across diaphragm would be zero and the regulator valve 5| would be open under the influence of the spring 51. If the throttle valve 10 is at idle or some partly open position and the engine is cranked, fuel will flow through conduit 29 into chamber 3|, then across valve 5| to chamber D,

from which it flows across valve 10 to chamber or conduit E and thence through conduit |33 to manifold ring |40 andfuel lines I 42 to the discharge nozzles 4 Fuel would also flow through the passage to chamber C of the regulator and thence through passage |63 to chamber or conduit E in a manner andfora purpose to be described.

Since the shaft |02 which carries the speed metering weights |00 is driven in relation to engineor turbine speed, the speed metering weights |00 will exert a force tending to open regulator Vvalve 5I proportional to the square of engine speed. As this valve opens, however, pressure builds up in chamber D and acts on the diaphragm 60 in a direction tending to close the valve. The minimum metering hea-d spring 61 has little effect on the differential across diaphragm 60 at fuel iiows above idle; its purpose is primarily to predetermine the minimum value of metering head-across the governor valve 10 at speeds which may be so low as to result in inl1 stability of the control. The pressure differential across diaphragm B is imposed across the feed restriction 13, and since this differential is substantially proportional to thesquare of engine speed, for any given position of the ygovernor valve 1G and the density needle 'i5-1, the velocity and hence the weight of fuel now through the said restriction 'i3 will be proportional to the square root of this differential or to the speed directly, so that fuel feed is in direct relation to engine speed. Movement of the governor valve le in a direction to increase the area of the feed restriction 'I3 decreases the differential across the diaphragm 60, 4whereupon lthe regulator valve 5| moves towards open position, feed of fuel to the burners .is increased and ,the engine Vor turbine speeds up until the governor weights 93 balance the setting of the governor spring 85 and an equilibrium condition .is obtained. Movement of the governor valve 1.0 Yin a direction to restrict the feed orifice 13 increases the differential across the diaphragm whereupon the regulator valve 5| vmoves towards closed position, .feed of fuel to the burners is decreased and turbine or engine speed is reduced until a condition of equilibrium is obtained.

During acceleration and deceleration, the metering head or differential `.and hence the rate of fuel feed will increase and decrease as a function of engine speed-as will also the quantity of air delivered to the burners.

By using a governor valve with a plurality of openings such as indicated at 7|, or a graduated discharge opening, any rtendency toward instability due to a Venturi or suction action when the valve approaches an equilibrium position is materialiy reduced vin contradistinction to valves having an ungraduated port -or `ports which interpose little or no :resistance to Yfuelow in varying the area of the restriction 73. The openings 'Il constitute Vin effect part of the feed orifice or restriction in conjunction with the feed restriction i3. The openings 52 in the rregulator valve 5| function in the same manner as do the openings in the valve 10.

The curve chart of Figure 4 illustrates the acceleration and decelerationcharacteristics of the improved fuel control uni-t herein disclosed. In this figure, curve a represents the 'fuel feed required for steady speed,that is, the rate atwhichV fuel would be fed to bring Athe engine to a maximum or some predetermined speed at a given air density. The dotted line b-represents the maximum ydelivery of the fuel pump 3D. The by-pass diaphragm ed is vented vbefore lthe .cut-ofi valve |39 in order that the main fuel pump '30 can build up surlicient pressure for starting, while the maximum pressure relief valve prevents build- 'up of pressures beyond .a safe value. The dot and dash lines of Figure 4 represent Athe 'fuel iiow vs.Y speed characteristic of the lcontrol for various settings vof the governor valve .10, each line having indicated thereon .the approximate air-fuel ratio which would result, for example, at ground level density, and those of the richer mixtures also having the approximate ltemperatures produced by the ratio `of fuel-to-air. Let it be assumed that the engine is operating at speed vc and the pilot opens governor valve T0 to a point which will produce speed d (which may bring the arm |24 against the high speed eccentric |23) then the fuel supply during this Vperiod. of acceleration will follow the arrows e from c to d. The initial increase in now represented by the vertical arrows occurs as a result of the .increase in effective area of the feed restriction |'3 at the then existing speed. As the speed increases, the vfuel flow will increase in straight line relation with the speed until equilibrium operation is obtained at d. During this period of acceleration, the fuel flow does not attain such magnitude as to produce harmful burner temperatures. If now the pilot returns his power control lever to its original setting (which may bring the valve stem T4 back against the low speed stop 1l), the fuel flow will follow the arrows f from d back to c, During this deceleration period, the fuel flow is maintained sufficiently high to prevent burner failure or dieout.

Upon a decrease in the density of air flowing to the engine, less fuel is required to drive the turbine and compressor at a given speed, and unless the maximum rate of fuel delivered to the engine on acceleration is correspondingly reduced, much higher burner temperatures will be experienced during acceleration at altitude than at sea level under similar engine conditions, due to the extremely rich fuel-air ratio. For an engine of the type herein described, the fuel rate required to maintain a given speed varies approximately directly'with the entering air density. If a pilot or operator were to carefully "nurse the power control lever during acceleration and adjust the feed valve in a manner such that the rate of fuel feed increases in direct relation to engine speed, compensation for changes in density by regulating the differential across the governor valve would not be necessary, but the control would then be so sensitive to slight changes as to be impractical; and this also holds true during deceleration. Again, in jet propulsion machines for aircraft, it may be desirable to have a relatively high idling speed to insure against engine failure when in the air, and this correspondingly reduces the range of governor valve movement and increases sensitivity between low and high power settings. It is of considerable advantage for a pilot to be able to move the governor valve between its low speed position against stop 'Vi and its high speed position with the arm |26 against the eccentric |23 without any fear or worry as to damage to the burner system or dicout of the .engine at all altitudes.

The density control circuit is shown in Figures 2A and 2B; it comprises the passage |65, jet ISI, passage iii?, variable restriction or .port |59 controlled by'needle valve i5?, and passage |53 opening into metered fuel chamber or conduit E. A decrease Yin entering density causes elongation of Vthe bellows ld crease in the area of the orifice ida, while an increase in density has the opposite effect. For a given engine or turbine speed, the differential across the metering head diaphragm iid willbe constant, and hence the flow through the control jet li will remain constant. All flow of fuel through the jet iti will pass through the orifice |59, and hence the drop across .the latter orifice will vary as the square of its area, and for axed or given position of the needle |51 (constant density), the drop across the oriiice |59 will be proportional to the drop across the jet |BI. The sum of the drop across the orice |59 and the drop across the diaphragm 60 (or jet Il) is substantially equal to the drop across the governor valve TQ, and at a given density, the total drop will be proportional to the square of engine speed. If Athe effective area of orice |53 is enlarged, there will be Va corbecomes greater.

responding decrease in the drop across this orliice and a reduction in head across governor valve 10 or feed restriction 13, resulting in a diminished floW of fuel to the burners for a given area of feed restriction 10. Thus, if the governor valve 10 is opened for acceleration at certain altitude, less fuel will be supplied to the burners than would be the case at ground level or at some lower altitude. By suitably contouring the needle |51, substantially complete density compensation may be obtained, and this advantage is not only present in acceleration and deceleration, but it also will maintain a given engine or turbine speed at all altitudes for any fixed or given position of the power control lever H5.`

Figure illustrates how the curve a (fuel required for steady speed) is lowered at high altitudes, for example, 45,000 feet. Without density compensation, the danger of overheating as a result of increased fuel feed without correlation of engine speed and power lever position This figure also includes arrow curves representing acceleration by prior art governor controls alone as well as by direct connection between a throttle lever and a metering valve with or withouta governor for maintaining equilibrium at a given fuel rate selection. The dotted arrow lines at e indicate how when .a speed governor controlling the fuel valve is reset to accelerate from lc to d, the full capacity of'fuel pump is delivered to the engine and fuel will be supplied greatly out of proportion to the air being pumped, thereby producing intense heat in the burner system. The dotted arrow line e indicates the rate of fuel feed during acceleration with a direct connected lever. In this instance, the ratio of fuelto-air is not so out of proportion as with a governor control alone, but is still such as to produce intense heat in the burner system, particularly during the initial'portion of the period of acceleration. In both types of prior control systems above noted, the deceleration curve drops well below the normal fuel rate for steady speed with resulting danger of burner failure.

It is important that a control unit of the type with which the present invention is concerned be compact, relatively light in weight and yet rugged in design. The control unit as herein disclosed has the foregoing advantages, due inpart to the arrangement of the governor weights 83 and the speed metering weights I 09 on a common shaft and the manner in which they are`connected to the parts controlled thereby, viz. the governor valve and the regulator valve 5| the mounting of the relief valve 46 within the by-pass valve 32; and the arrangement of the control lever and coacting parts for the governor valve which also tend to reduce the strain on and ease the work of a pilot.

`No attempt has been made herein to set forth` all the advantages and applications of the improved control unit, it being understood that important advantages other than those enu-` merated are present and also that modifica-A 14 said feed restriction, a valve in said passage for regulating the metering head across said feed restriction, a governor shaft adapted to be driven in relation to engine speed, a centrifugal 'governor rotatable with said shaft and operativevto said regulating valve and arranged to respond to the differential across said feed restriction.

2. In a fuel feeding system for an engine, means deiining a flow passage for supplying fuel under pressure to the engine, a variable feed or metering restriction in said passage, a selectively operable governor valve for varying the area of said feed restriction, a regulator valve in said passage'for regulating the metering head across said feed restriction in such a manner that an increase in engine speed results in an increase in the metering head, a shaft adapted to be driven in relation to engine speed, and a centrifugal governor rotatable with said shaft including a governor weight having an operative connection with the governor valve and another weight movable independently of said first-named Weight and having an operative connection with said regulator valve.

3. In a fuel feeding system for an engine, means defining a flow passage for supplying fuel under pressure to the engine, a variable feed or metering restriction in said passage, a manually controllable governor valve for varying the area of said feed restriction, a regulator valve in said passage for regulating the metering head across said feed restriction as a function of engine speed, a diaphragm operatively connected to said regulator valve and arranged to respond to the differential across said governor valve, a shaft adapted to be driven in relation to engine speed, a centrifugal governor rotatably mounted on said shaft and including a pluralityof governor weights, at least one of said governor weights having a mechanical operating connection with said governor valve and at least one of the remaining weights being independently movable and having a mechanical connection with 'said .regulator valve, said latter weight and said diaphragm being operable to position said regulator valve so that an increase in engine speed results in an increase in the metering head.

4. In a device for metering fuel to an engine as a function of engine speed, a housing or casing defining a flow passage for fuel to be supplied to the engine, a shaft journaled in saidcasing adapted to be driven bythe engine,` a variable feed or metering restriction in said passage, a governor valve for varying the area of said feed restriction, a centrifugal governor mounted on said shaft and including a governor weight operatively connected to said valve, a governor spring for tensioning said weight, a manually controllable power lever for adjusting said governor weight and valve through said spring, and a` regulating valve for controlling the feed differential across said governor valve as a function of engine speed, said centrifugal governor including a metering weight movable independently of said first-named weight and operatively connected to said regulating valve, and said regu-f 15 lator valve being movable to increase the feed differential with an increase in engine speed.

5. In a fuel supply system for engines, a housing Aor Acasing defining a fuel flow conduit, a variable feed or metering restriction in said cond uit, a governor valve for varying the area of said restriction, a .governor rotatable in relation to engine speed operatively connected to said valve, a governor spring, a member movable to variably tension said spring, a power control lever, and linkage mechanism operatively connecting said power control lever with said member yincluding a hollow slotted link to which said member is pivoted, a spring housed in said link and engaging said pivot, and means for adjusting the position of said pivot against the resistance of said latter spring.

-6, In a fuel feeding vsystem for a fuel conduit having a variable feed or metering restriction therein, a governor valve for varying the of ysaid restriction, a governor operatively-connected to said valve, a governor spring, a power control lever, means operatively con-- necting said lever ywith said spring including a member movable to compress and release said spring, and resiliently mounted means connected to the governor valve and adapted to be engaged by said member when the power control lever is turned to a predetermined low power position and move .the governor valve to a predetermined low fuel flow setting.

7. A system as claimed in claim 6 wherein means are provided for -releasably maintaining Said lever lin said low power position.

8. In a fuel supply system for engines, a housing or casingdeiining a fuel flow conduit having a variable feed -or metering restriction therein, a governor valve for varying the area of said restriction, a governor lrotatable, in relation to engine speed operatively connected to said valve, a governor spring, a power control lever, means connected to said lever for variably tensioning said governor spring including an adjustable pivot adapted to predetermine the idle position of said governor valve, a spring movable with said governor valve and adapted to be compressed when the power Acontrol lever is turned a predetermined distance in la valve closing position, and another spring `opposing said idle pivot of greater strength than said second-named spring.

f 9. In a fuel supply system for engines, a housing or casing defining a fuel flow conduit having a variable feed r metering restriction therein,

a governor valve for varying the area of said restriction, ja governor rotatable in relation to engine speed yoperatively connected to said valve, a governor spring, a power control lever, a member connected to said lever for variably tensioning lsaid governor spring, linkage mechanism interposed between said power control lever and member including an adjustable resilient stop adapted to pre eterrnine the position of said governor valve, and a resiliently mounted member movable with said governor valve and adapted Vto .be engaged by said first named member when the power `control lever is turned a predetermined distance in a valve closing position .beyond said resilient idle stop.

10,1In a fuel feeding system for engines, a fuel conduit having va variable feed or metering restriction therein, a governor valve lfor varying the area of said restriction, a .governor operatively conneeted tosaid valve, a governor spring, a fuel shut-Off -valvein Said ,Conduit downstream of Ysaid governor valve, a power control lever, means operatively connecting said lever with said governor spring and said shut-off valve, said connecting means including an override spring adapted to be compressed when the power control lever is turned to a predetermined low power position while at the same time permitting further rotation of said lever to fully close the shut-olf valve.

11. In a fuel feeding system for an engine, means defining a flow passage for supplying fuel under pressure to the engine, a variable feedor metering restriction in said passage, a selectively operable governor valve for varying the area of said feed restriction, a valve in said passage for regulating the metering head across .said

A feed restriction, means for controlling said regulat-ing valve as a function of engine speed in such a manner that the metering head varies in the same sense as engine speed, a density control circuit including a passage by-passing vthe governor valve and having a fixed restriction and ,a variable restriction in series therein, and means for varying the area of the variable restriction.

12. In a fuel feed and control device for an engine, a fuel conduit having metering means therein including a Variable feed or metering restriction, a valve for varying the area of said restriction and a regulator valve for maintaining a metering head across said restriction, a pump for-supplying fuel under pressure to said regulator valve, a by-pass valve for maintaining a predetermined pressure-drop across the metering means, a diaphragm connected to said bypass valve, and means venting that portion of said conduit between said supply pump and said regulator valve to a low pressure source across said diaphragm.

13. ln a fuel feed and control device for an engine, a fuel conduit having metering means therein including a variable feed or metering restriction, a valve for varying the area of said restriction and a regulator valve for maintaininga metering head across said restriction, a pump for supplying fuel under pressure to said regulator valve, a by-pass valve for maintaining a predetermined pressure drop across the metering means, apressure responsive element connected to said lov-pass valve, said pressure responsive element being subjected on yone side thereof to supply pressure and on its opposite side being vented to metered fuel pressure, said ventto metered fuel pressure having a restriction of predetermined flow capacity therein to effect a damping action on said by-pass valve.

le. in a fuel feeding system for engines, a fuel conduit having Ya variable feed-or metering rc-v striction therein, a governor valve for varying the area of said restriction, a governor operatively connected to said valve, a governor spring, a power control lever, means operatively connecting said lever with said spring including a member movable to compress and release said spring, and means for releasably holding said power control lever in a predetermined idle position and a predetermined starting position below idle comprising a pair of spring pressed detent members located in predetermined relation with respect to said lever.

15. In a fuel feed system for an engine, means defining a flow passage for supplying fuel under pressure to the engine, a variable feed or metering restriction in said passage, a selectively operable governor valve for varying the area of said feed restriction to select an operating speed `for the engine, a valve in said passage for regulating the metering head across said feed restriction, means for controlling said regulating valve as a. function of engine speed in such a manner that the metering head varies in the same sense as engine speed, another fuel ow passage branching off from said first-named flow passage downstream of the regulator valve and by-passing said restriction, a variable restriction in said branch passage, and means for varying the effective area of said latter restriction at any given position of said governor valve.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 377,168 McMahon June 31, 1888 421,931 Hart Feb. 25, 1890 Number CII Number 15 478,701 560,196

Name Date Bailey Dec. 29, 1925 Heywood Mar. 18, 1930 Czarnecki Apr. 16, 1935 Lysholm Oct. 19, 1937 Hogeman Oct. 21, 1941 Allen Nov. 24, 1942 Greenman Aug. 7, 1945 Holley Aug. 13, 1946 Udale Sept. 3, 1946 Staples May 31, 1949 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Germany July 1, 1929 Great Britain Mar. 24, 1944 

